INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Participants who were GADA positive in both assays, compared with individuals who were negative for GADA with both assays (presumptive type 2 diabetes, n = 482 in the Action LADA study and n = 1921 in the DiYA study), were: (1) leaner (p < 0.0001 and also for each assay considered separately); (2) more frequently positive for other IAbs i.e. IA-2A and/or ZnT8A (p < 0.0001 and also for each assay considered separately); and (3) more often required early insulin treatment (p < 0.0001 and also for each assay considered separately).