NPPB and atrial fibrillation: The main findings from this study can be summarized as follows: (1) Higher odds of AF and increased RHR are causally associated with higher risk of CES; (2) We did not find evidence for a causal relationship between MI and the risk of CES unless rs1870634, rs2019090, rs2681472 rs58131196, rs1004467 or rs10176178 were excluded; (3) No evidence of causal relationship between previously observed cardioembolic risk factors such as PTFVI, PWD, NT-pro BNP or PR interval and risk of CES was found from a genetic perspective; 4.