On the one hand, when neutrophils are in direct contact with tumour cells, they can produce TNF-α, IL-1β, proteases, membrane perforating agents, and other compounds to eliminate tumour cells; on the other hand, the gastrointestinal tract and other malignant tumours are characterized by neutrophil infiltration, which enhances tumour cell invasiveness [22–24]. Here, IL1B is linked to cancer.