studied the impact of ATBs on NSCLC, RCC, and urothelial patients who were received anti PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, and they found that progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly shorter in the ATB-treated group, demonstrating that dysbiosis has an impact on therapeutic efficacy of ICIs (20). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is renal cell carcinoma.