TNF and neoplasm: Furthermore, as mentioned (Gwyer et al., 2019), BPC 157 inhibits the growth of several tumor lines and can counteract tumor cachexia (Kang et al., 2018), a point combined, as mentioned, with counteracted pro-inflammatory and pro-cachectic cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, cancer cachexia–related pathways expression (i.e., FoxO3a, p-AKT, p-mTOR, and P-GSK-3β) (Kang et al., 2018).