INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: We used the human pancreatic β-cell line, EndoC-βH110,11, to focus initially on a region of chromosome 11 ~460 kb from INS, which has been reported7 to harbor a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs2334499, the T allele of which is associated with allele-specific effects on T2D susceptibility (Fig. 1a).