ABCC2 and infection: ABCC2 and cadherin can directly mediate high levels of resistance to Bt toxin in H. armigera, but with significant fitness costs (e.g., lower reproduction) (Cao et al., 2014); however, HaDV2 infection could enhance host reproduction and tolerance to Cry1Ac in both susceptible and resistant strains of H. armigera, increasing larval survival rate.