OSS-induced pro-inflammatory responses in ECs can elicit chemotaxis and adhesion of monocytes to the EC layers mediated by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), which further promotes atherosclerosis progression (Chiu et al., 2004). Here, VCAM1 is linked to atherosclerosis.