VEGFA and neoplasm: Michielsen et al. (2011) reported that VEGF, CCL1, CCL2, and CXCL5 presence in conditioned medium from colorectal cancer explants inhibited DC maturation and IL-12p production while increasing IL-10 secretion. Melanomas expressing β-catenin were found to induce resistance to immunotherapeutics, reduce infiltrating cDC1s and T cells, and promote tumor growth (Spranger et al., 2015). Moreover, the presence of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stimulated tumor growth by impairing the accumulation of intratumoral CD103+ DCs (Zelenay et al., 2015).