The majority of the current HCC treatments result in poor treatment outcomes, as such, the consideration of tumor microenvironment properties (such as stiffness variation due to the changing fibrosis scores of patients, presence of different levels of hypoxia as a result of this desmoplastic stiffening in the TME), and CYP expression levels could potentially bring benefits to outcomes of HCC treatment, and provide a basis for personalized HCC treatment (62, 66). Here, PPIG is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.