LCN2 and medical procedure: Numerous clinical trials have examined the sensitivity and specificity of novel acute kidney biomarkers, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) [9], kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) [10], cystatin C [11], tissue inhibitor of metalloproteninases-2 (TIMP-2), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7 (IGFBP-7) [12].