IL-32 has been implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (22) where it is thought to orchestrate a panoply of other cytokines; indeed, in RA, IL-32 participates in the interplay with IL-17 in disease pathogenesis by amplifying inflammation in the synovium (23). Here, IL17A is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.