GLP-1 treatment significantly reduced infarction size in an ischemia-reperfusion model through adenylyl cyclase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and ERK1/2 signaling cascades, as applications of inhibitors for these signaling pathways abrogate the GLP-1-mediated cardio-protection (Bose et al., 2005). Here, GCG is linked to infarction.