PRF1 and Stroke: Here, we visualized and characterized the kinetics and types of perforin+CD45+ immune cells during different stages after experimental murine ischemic stroke using Perforin1-EGFP transgenic mice and further revealed that microglia and invading immune cells induced by perforin-mediated direct neurotoxicity accelerate ischemic lesion size and impair neurological outcomes in a Perforin 1 knockout mouse model of experimental stroke.