In vitro, F. nucleatum promotes CRC cell proliferation, and in mouse models, promotes tumour growth in patient-derived CRC xenografts, modulated by the F. nucleatum adhesin, FadA, which binds to E-cadherin on the CRC cell surface and activates oncogenic Wnt/β-catenin signalling, thereby promoting cell proliferation [44, 45]. This evidence concerns the gene CDH1 and colorectal carcinoma.