ARAF and neoplasm: These species include, but are not necessarily limited to, F. nucleatum, Streptococcus gallolyticus (formerly known as Streptococcus bovis type 1), enterotoxic strains of Bacterioides fragilis (produces B. fragilis toxin BFT), polyketide synthase-positive (PKS+ve) strains of E. coli (produces colibactin), E. faecalis and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, which have been implicated in tumour proliferation [34], induction of pro-inflammatory states [35] and evasion of anti-tumour immunity [34].