The withdrawal of androgens in androgen-dependent prostate cancer results in a rapid and dramatic regression of prostate adenocarcinoma through apoptosis, indicating the critical role played by AR in sustaining cancer cells in this context.54 However, various lesions of prostate adenocarcinoma can withstand hormone withdrawal and are able to reactivate AR-driven signalling and metabolism even in the absence of androgens. Here, AR is linked to cancer.