The epithelial integrin ITGB6, involved in wound healing and pathogenic fibrosis52, is upregulated in COPD and IPF AT2 cells; the ISG lymphocyte antigen 6 complex (LY6E), known to restrict SARS-CoV-2 entry43,53, is upregulated in the IPF and Other-ILD AT2 cells (Fig. 3b, Supplementary Fig. 8e). Here, LY6S is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.