HMGB1 and neoplasm: Motivated by the high efficacy of HLCaP NRs together with RFA treatment in promoting HMGB1 release and CRT expression (Fig. 4f and supplementary Fig. 18), which are able to activate the host’s immune system by promoting the migration and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs)40–42, we thus hypothesized that such a treatment strategy may be able to trigger tumor-specific immune responses.