However, it has been discovered in a recent report that the inflammation induced after incomplete RFA would even promote tumor progression and diminish the therapeutic effect of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, via the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)-mediated accumulation of immunosuppressive monocytes and tumor-associated macrophages inside the residual tumor mass11. Here, CCL2 is linked to neoplasm.