By comparing outcomes with respect to several immunological biomarkers (e.g. peak IL-6 concentrations, time to IFN peak etc.), we found that virtual patients who were predicted to experience mild COVID-19 in our base case (exposure dose of 4.5 log10 viral copies/mL) experienced mild disease irrespective of the exposure dose size (Fig 9B). Here, IFNA1 is linked to COVID-19.