ROS intermediates regulate the release of TNF-α from macrophages and fibroblasts [86], and NOX generated ROS participate in TNF-α-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) [87], which is a cell adhesion molecule highly expressed in the lungs of IPF patients [88] that is required for fibroblast activation [89]. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.