EPO and anemia: Several studies have revealed that proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and hemozoin played an important role in the pathogenesis of hemolysis and anemia during malaria infection by erythropoiesis resistance, decreasing reticulocytosis, and inhibiting erythropoietin-induced erythroid precursor proliferation [20–23].