Furthermore, a considerable reduction of airway infiltration by macrophages, neutrophils, and products of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1b, but accompanied with substantial stimulated anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and growth factors such as EGF, HGF, TGF-b, and VEGF was detected through MSC administration, suggesting this method as an effective approach in the treatment of animal models of COPD/emphysema, and therefore hold the foundation of further research and application of administering MSC in COPD patients [174]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.