Although the mechanisms of COVID-19-induced cytokine storm and lung injury are still poorly understood, some reports have indicated that the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα, in COVID-19 patients has a pattern that is similar to that seen in a cytokine storm, which is known to lead to an increased risk of vascular permeability, DIC, and respiratory failure73,74. Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.