TNF and homocystinuria: Proinflammatory cytokines other than IL-6, namely IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α, are increased in a mouse model of homocystinuria and a range proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines [IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-12 (p70), MIP-1α and MIP-1β] are also elevated in homocystinuria patients [104].