In a murine NAFLD model, dysbiosis of the gut microbiota leads to disruption of the gut barrier and thus exerts the toxic effects of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α), components (e.g., LPS), and metabolites (e.g., ethanol) derived from dysbiotic gut microbiota are exerted on the liver via the portal vein after intestinal absorption (81–83) (Figure 3). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.