PPARA and neoplasm: Omega-3 PUFAs can inhibit tumor cell proliferation via different pathways, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Akt, and PPAR signaling pathways (Dolcet et al., 2005; Schley et al., 2005; Wu and Kral, 2005; Bai et al., 2009).