TLR4 and infection: A possible factor underlying susceptibility to infection in humans may be a lack of recognition of leptospiral-LPS by human TLR4, whereas resistance in mice has been linked to production of antibody within 48-72h post infection (Adler and Faine, 1976) and the murine TLR4 ability to engage leptospiral-LPS (Werts et al., 2001; Nahori et al., 2005; Santecchia et al., 2020).