AKT1 and neoplasm: As we know, TGFβ1 plays a key role in triggering PI3K/AKT and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways (20, 21), and we found that TIPE2 overexpression could reduce TGFβ1 secretion from AsPC-1 cells (Figure 5B), and similarly decreased the protein level of TGFβ1 in tumor tissues of tumor-bearing mice (Figure 5C).