ACOD1 and infection: As mentioned above, the irg1 mutant inhibited the pre-infection structural differentiation of the rust fungal species Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Puccinia emaculata, but had no effect on the pathogenicity of the necrotrophic fungus Phoma medicaginis (Uppalapati et al., 2012), suggesting that the changes in leaf wax composition might be limited to fungal species that form pre-infection appressoria structures in response to the surface signals, unlike Phoma medicaginis, which directly penetrates the cuticle without forming these structures.