The inhibition of GLUT1 with STF31 in pro-inflammatory conditions specifically prevents the increase in microglial glucose uptake and attenuates the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CCL2 in vitro, whereas an intraperitoneal injection of STF31 in a mouse model of light-induced retinal degeneration leads to reduced microglia activation and retinal degeneration in vivo (46). Here, TNF is linked to retinal degeneration.