IGHE and COVID-19: In addition, a longitudinal study on cytokine and chemokine response signature in severe COVID-19 demonstrated an increase in multiple type 2 effectors, including IL-5, IL-13, IgE, with low expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enrichment in tissue repair genes in recovering patients, while higher interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were observed in patients with worse prognosis (35).