These results have demonstrated that NRF2-suppressed ROS pathways play significant roles in mediating innate immune responses, TI enzymes, cytokine storms (169), thromboembolism, EC activation and death in ECs stimulated by virus infections, PAMPs and DAMPs, which are well correlated with the recent clinical trials with NRF2 activators such as sulforaphane and bardoxolone methyl as potential anti-inflammatory strategy for treating COVID-19 (170–172) (Figure 7C). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to viral infectious disease.