Furthermore, upregulations of CSF1 and CSF3 in ECs during infection have demonstrated EC promotion of myelopoiesis to accelerate the maturation and roles of myeloid cells in anti-infectious diseases, which is a new innate immune function of ECs (1, 8) beyond promoting the inflammatory cell migration (63), and is a function usually carried out by hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche supportive cells (123). Here, CSF1 is linked to infectious disease.