Inhibiting the IL-1α axis with neutralizing antibodies represses this inflammatory response (Suwara et al., 2014), while IL-1 pathway inhibitor miR-146-5p is downregulated in fibroblast–epithelium co-cultures from COPD patients as compared with controls (Osei et al., 2017). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.