TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Thus, in obesity conditions, the pronounced WAT expansion is primarily characterized by increased lipogenesis, adipocyte hypertrophy, and increases in pro-inflammatory proteins, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1 beta (IL1β), with simultaneous reduction in anti-inflammatory substances, such as interleukin 10 (IL10) and adiponectin (Van Meijel et al., 2019).