TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: Pulmonary fibrosis is often characterized by activation of TGF-β and matrix metalloproteinase, fibroblast proliferation mediated by accumulation of collagen and extracellular matrix, and injury to alveolar epithelium and parenchyma and capillaries that may lead to difficulty in breathing and may cause acute respiratory failure (MacLaren and Stringer, 2007).