NOS2 and memory impairment: plantarum C29 significantly improved D-galactose-induced memory dysfunction, increased the expression of BDNF in the brain, and decreased the expression of the senescence marker p16 and that of the inflammation markers TNF-α, p-p65, p-foxo3a, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), indicating that C29 may ameliorate aging-related memory impairment and inflammation (Woo et al., 2014).