Th1-type cytokines, including IL-1, IL-2, IL-12, and GM-CSF are known potent stimulators of the differentiation of Th1 cells and Th1-based anti-tumor response.848 Although many preclinical studies have demonstrated the anti-tumor effects of Th1 cytokines, their clinical efficacy remains limited. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is neoplasm.