TNF and neoplasm: Similar to the RLR signaling, activation of the STING pathway results in the production of IFNs for the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), prompting cell death in an IFN-independent manner.556,557 Moreover, STING signaling has been shown to enhance the expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as IFNs, TNF-α, and IL-6.558 Thus, STING signaling could directly trigger tumor cell death and might provide a new cancer therapy option.