TNF and neoplasm: Decades ago, the intravesical inoculation of the muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE), a synthetic analog of the muramyl dipeptide (MDP), was applied in the treatment of bladder carcinoma with the aim to activate cytotoxic macrophages against tumor cells.606 Besides, stimulation of the TLR signaling by LPS is known to trigger the translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus and the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and TNF-α.607