To conclude, these results indicate that CVIDid Th cells are highly activated, and that, unlike in classically exhausted cells such as originally described in chronic viral infection and cancer [32], PD1 and LAG3 expression in CVIDid CD4 + T-cells reflects chronic activation with preserved inflammatory potential rather than functional exhaustion, similar to previous findings in human auto-immune inflammation [24]. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is cancer.