It is important to note, however, that stimulation of human A549 lung cancer cells and primary mouse lung cancer cells with several different growth factors (e.g., EGF; FBS; insulin) increased TBK1 S172 phosphorylation, which required TBKBP1 (TBK1 binding protein 1), a TBK1 adaptor protein (15). Here, TBKBP1 is linked to lung cancer.