IGHE and food allergy: ATIs are major triggers of classical, immediate-type, immunoglobulin E (IgE)-inducing respiratory and food allergies (Salcedo et al. 2011; Schuppan et al. 2015; Kalunke et al. 2020), and importantly, are now implicated as allergens in a novel, highly prevalent type of IgE-negative food allergy, as a major cause of the irritable bowel syndrome that affects up to 15% of most societies (Fritscher-Ravens et al. 2014, 2019).