HIF1A and infection: Interestingly, the increased expression of Hif1a suggests that the instability and/or infection results in a more hypoxic environment, although this did not translate to significant differences in hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif)-1α regulated genes such as Vegfa, which could suggest an inadequate adaptation to hypoxia as suggested by Hoff et al. (Hoff et al., 2011).