Stimulating PBMCs from AD patients or aged-matched controls with either PHA or anti-CD3/CD28 it was found that the AD patients had an increased proinflammatory IL-1β response, presumably from the innate immune cells, a decreased in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4, presumably from T cells (Reale et al., 2004; Rocha et al., 2012). Here, CD28 is linked to Alzheimer disease.