Based on the proteins identified in our pilot study, we can begin to categorize proteins that change as a result of smoking and that have a role in nicotine dependence in smokers: AMY1, CAH1, CAH6, BPIA2, BPIB1, TCO1, NGAL, GSTO1 A2ML1, TGM3, and SAP are potential candidate proteins that are recommended to validate in a larger smoker study. Here, A2ML1 is linked to nicotine dependence.