MAP1LC3B and Obesity: One is a genetic model (db/db mice, C57BL/6J-Leprdb/Leprdb) with obesity,24–26 and the other is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse model generated by a choline-deficient, l-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD, 60 kcal % fat) feeding for 10 weeks.27 We chose C3 and C4 for the in vivo injections, because they have lower molecular weights and higher affinities to LC3B (Figs. 1 and 4a).