To interrogate the clinical relevance of CCL5 and CCR5, we analyzed their expressions in human GBM frozen sections and GBMs in TCGA/CGGA datasets and found that both CCL5 and CCR5 were highly expressed in human GBMs relative to normal brain tissues (Fig. 4h–j; Supplementary information, Fig. S4d, e), suggesting that the CCL5-CCR5 axis may act as a potential therapeutic target for GBM treatment. This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and glioblastoma.