Furthermore, once the suppressive roles of LHX5 and TLX1 in the recurrence of GBM are confirmed, we hope that a series of therapeutic strategies, including the development of LHX5/TLX1-specific agonists, agonists for their upstream transcription factors, and inhibitors of their repressors, may be developed to enhance their expression levels and/or activities to inhibit the recurrence of GBM. Here, TLX1 is linked to glioblastoma.