RIPK3 and primary biliary cholangitis: For example, Afonso et al. showed that PBC patients and bile duct–ligated (BDL) mice, i.e., an established model of obstructive cholestasis, show increased “necroptosis” via expression of receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3) and phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) in the liver.