HMGB1 and acute myeloid leukemia: Interestingly, primary human AML cells expressing TLR4 responded to 16 h exposure to 2.5 μg/ml HMGB1 in a similar manner to that observed for THP-1 cells – where the secretion of both galectin-9 and Tim-3 was significantly upregulated (Supplementary Figure 6).