ROS production in response to hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and mitochondrial dysfunction also triggers NF-κB signaling in the diabetic heart via degradation of IκB-α (Baker et al., 2011) and downregulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) following Erk1/2 activation (Tan et al., 2011). Here, NFKB1 is linked to hyperlipidemia.