PPARA and Hyperglycemia: Accordingly, treatment with fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist by preventing ER-stress and inducing autophagy, exhibited a protective effect in RPE cells exposed to hyperglycemia (25 mM, 18 days) and hypoxia (1% oxygen, for 6 h or 24 h), two components of the diabetic milieu (Miranda et al., 2012; Lazzara et al., 2020).